D.C. Stephenson
David Curtiss Stephenson introduced himself to fellow Hoosiers in 1920 as the son of a wealthy businessman from South Bend. He professed he had quit college to work in the coal business until his patriotism called him to volunteer for the Army during World War I, where he fought the Germans in France. After his valiant work in the war, he supposedly returned home to find himself a millionaire due to the high value of stocks he had bought before the war.
However, this story was a complete fabrication that perfectly highlighted Stephenson’s routine of spouting bold lies and bravado. In reality, he was born in Houston, Texas in 1891, son of a sharecropper. His family later moved to Oklahoma, where he finished his schooling after graduating eighth grade, and then married, lost his newspaper job, abandoned his pregnant wife, and divorced. Stephenson volunteered for the Army and moved to Iowa to work as a recruiter. After the war, he worked as a traveling salesman and married a second time. The couple moved to Evansville, Indiana, and Stephenson began work as a coal salesman [1]. It was in Indiana that he launched his infamous career as a member of the burgeoning Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
By the 1920s, the KKK was at the peak of its power in Indiana. Stephenson became a marketer for the Indiana Klan, raising enormous amounts of funds to increase membership [2]. He commanded political power from the beginning of his membership. Stephenson and the Klan had a controlling hand in Indiana Governor Ed Jackson’s election, and he manipulated state legislators by using his money and the influence of the KKK to push bills that would plant more money in his pockets. Stephenson also helped fund the campaign for the KKK’s handpicked choice for Indianapolis’ mayor [3]. Stephenson used his “natural” charisma and leadership skills to snag increasingly important Indiana Klan positions [4]. On July 4, 1923, nearly 200,000 Klansmembers gathered at Malfalfa Park in Kokomo to celebrate Stephenson’s ascension to Grand Dragon of Indiana. The gathering was the largest Klan rally in the history of the United States. As Grand Dragon, Stephenson entertained U.S. senators, congressmen, judges, governors, and other political leaders on his yacht [5]. His relationship with National KKK Imperial Wizard Hiram Evans, however, quickly soured. The men did not agree on financial matters and Klan priorities, and Stephenson eventually created a new Indiana Klan independent of the national group [6]. Stephenson appeared to be unstoppable. He believed his word was “the law” in Indiana [7].
His glory did not last long. Shortly after his arrival in Indiana, his drunken bouts of violence led to his second divorce. Soon after, he was charged with indecent exposure with his young secretary. Later, he drunkenly threatened and sexually assaulted a hotel manicurist [8]. In 1924, after a young actress relayed her story of being sexually attacked by Stephenson, Imperial Wizard Hiram Evans used Stephenson’s pattern of rape, physical abuse, and drunken violence as evidence against the man who had become his rival in the Klan. He published a fifty-page report on Stephenson’s questionable behavior in the hopes of having him dismissed, but Stephenson only responded that Evans’ accusations were fabricated by the southern Klan [9].
In January 1925, Stephenson met Madge Oberholtzer at a banquet in Indianapolis. After several dinners, Stephenson called her in March and insisted she come meet him at his Indianapolis home before he left for Chicago. He was wildly intoxicated upon her arrival. Stephenson, his chauffeur, and a third man forced Oberholtzer to drink alcohol against her will. Stephenson armed all the men with pistols and told Oberholtzer she had to accompany him to Chicago. She was forced into a car with the men while she begged to call home to her mother [10].
At the train station, Stephenson led Oberholtzer to a private compartment, where he sexually assaulted her, leaving her with bite wounds over her entire body. When they reached Hammond, Oberholtzer asked to leave to buy a hat and rouge to cover her bruises and ghastly bites. She bought mercury tablets instead and took them, intending to end her own life. Stephenson told her he would take her to the hospital if she agreed to marry him. She refused, and Stephenson had Oberholtzer driven 5 hours south to his home. After several days, she was taken to the doctor who discovered that several of her bites were badly infected. She died a few weeks later, after giving a lawyer every detail of her brutal assault. Although the official cause of death was mercury poisoning, her autopsy revealed that her body would have been able to fight the mercury had it not been for the infection in her bloodstream that resulted from Stephenson’s vicious bites [11].
In November 1925, D.C. Stephenson was sentenced to life in prison for her murder. He patiently waited for Governor Ed Jackson to get him out of jail. When Jackson offered no assistance, Stephenson started revealing names of people who were part of the intricate, corrupt web of Indiana Klan politics [12]. Stephenson’s arrest and revelations spread like wildfire, leading to the Klan’s rapid decline in Indiana [13]. By 1928, membership had dropped from half a million to 4,000 [14]. Stephenson was paroled in 1950, but was sent back to prison in Michigan City after breaking parole. Only six years later, he was released [15]. In 1962, he was arrested again for attempting to force a teenage girl into his car. After leading a life of lies, violence, and corruption, he died in 1966 in Tennessee [16]. His home in the Irvington neighborhood of Indianapolis still stands.
[1] Karen Abbot, “’Murder Wasn’t Very Pretty’: The Rise and Fall of D.C. Stephenson,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 30, 2012, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murder-wasnt-very-pretty-the-rise-and-fall-of-dc-stephenson-18935042/.
[2] Charles C. Alexander, “Kleagles and Cash: The Ku Klux Klan as a Business Organization, 1915-1930,” The Business History Review 39, no. 3 (1965): 359.
[3] Karen Abbot, “’Murder Wasn’t Very Pretty.’”
[4] Velma A. Frame, “Some Patterns of Ku Klux Klan Activities in Delaware County During the 1920’s,” (master’s thesis, Ball State Teachers College, 1947), 19.
[5] Douglas O. Linder, “The D.C. Stephenson Trial: An Account,” Famous Trials, accessed February 15, 2021, https://famous-trials.com/stephenson/74-home.
[6] Douglas O. Linder, “The D.C. Stephenson Trial: An Account.”
[7] “Facts Back Up Dying Story – Remy,” Indianapolis Times (Indianapolis, IN), November 12, 1925.
[8] Karen Abbot, “’Murder Wasn’t Very Pretty.’”
[9] Douglas O. Linder, “The D.C. Stephenson Trial: An Account.”
[10] Stephenson v. State, 179 N.E. 633, 205 (Ind. 141 1932).
[11] Stephenson v. State, 179 N.E. 633, 205 (Ind. 141 1932).
[12] Douglas O. Linder, “The D.C. Stephenson Trial: An Account.”
[13] Charles C. Alexander, “Kleagles and Cash,” 366.
[14] Karen Abbot, “’Murder Wasn’t Very Pretty.’”
[15] “Facts Back Up Dying Story – Remy,” November 12, 1925.
[16] Douglas O. Linder, “The D.C. Stephenson Trial: An Account.”
Student Author: Gwyneth Harris
Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson
Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
PHOTO & VIDEO:
D. C. Stephenson Grand Dragon of the Klu Klux Klan in Indiana, c 1922, Public domain, via Wikimedia commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D._C._Stephenson_Grand_Dragon_of_the_Klu_Klux_Klan_in_Indiana,_c_1922.jpg
Sheriff’s Residence and Jail, Evansville
Tensions between African Americans and white individuals were already high in Evansville in 1903, when they boiled over on July 3. An African-American man known as Robert Lee or Lee Brown, reportedly left a bar with an unpaid tab, intending to kill another man with whom he had quarreled with earlier in the day [1]. The bartender, who had followed Lee out of the bar, flagged down police patrolman Louis N. Massey and informed him about what he had witnessed. Massey followed Lee for a distance before attempting to arrest him, and when he grabbed Lee by the shoulder, Lee turned and fired at Officer Massey. Massey was able to fire back at and hit Lee, who was wounded and arrested [2]. Officer Massey died later that evening. When the Evansville community found out that one of its police officers was killed by an African American man, leaving behind his wife and children, riots ensued [3].
Early in the morning following Officer Massey’s death, 100 to 150 white Evansville residents surrounded the police station, demanding for the sheriff to hand over Lee to be hanged [4]. The sheriff refused, and secretly escorted Lee through the underground tunnel that ran between the police station and courthouse to send Lee on a train to the nearby Vincennes jail to be protected. Lee died several days later in custody as a result of the gunshot wound inflicted by Massey [5]. The white Evansville crowd, growing into the thousands, grew restless while waiting for Lee and became more violent as people swarmed the police station [6]. Mobs broke into hardware stores and stole guns and ammunition, along with tools to break open the windows and doors to the jail. On their way back to the jail, word spread that several African American men had gathered at two saloons nearby and were firing down on people as they passed on the street. The mob attacked both saloons and fired at the African American men, but nobody was injured in the attacks [7].
Fearing for the safety of the citizens in Evansville, the sheriff pleaded with the Indiana governor to send help. At the same time as more and more people gathered and became increasingly violent, the Wallace Circus was also coming to town, increasing the confusion [8]. By the time the mob returned to the jail, the Indiana governor had declared martial law and sent 300 members of the National Guard to wrest control from the mob and restore peace to Evansville. Following the mob’s slow advance towards the jail, the tension was finally broken by gunfire. Although there is debate about which side fired first, in the end, both the mob and the National Guard were using their weapons [9]. After the smoke had cleared and the shots ceased firing, “thirty-one wounded and dead laid on the pavement,” two of whom were 15-year old children, one a girl and the other a boy.10 The mob quickly dispersed, and finally, after several days of heated conflicts, the violence subsided as families grieved their losses and tended to those who were wounded.
Today, the jail and sheriff’s residence are still connected by a tunnel to the Evansville courthouse, which was built in 1890 [11]. The jail is made of Indiana limestone with 18th-century inspired architecture. In 1970, the old sheriff’s residence and jail were listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2007, a historical marker commemorating the jail’s construction and its connection to the courthouse was installed by the Indiana Historical Bureau [12].
[1] “The City’s Crown of Shame: Evansville Awakens to the Awful Consequences of Her Seedtime of Folly,” Indianapolis Journal, July 8, 1903. Accessed July 8, 2020. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015679/1903-07-08/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1903&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=EVANSVILLE+Journal&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=14&state=Indiana&date2=1903&proxtext=evansville+journal&y=6&x=10&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1
[2] Ibid.
[3] Kelley Coures. “Race Riot of 1903: Violence on Fourth Street Claimed 12 Lives,” Evansville Living, accessed July 8, 2020. http://www.evansvilleliving.com/articles/race-riot-of-1903
[4] “Race War Raging in Evansville: Indiana City is in the Hands of Mobs,” San Francisco Call, Vol 94(36). July 6, 1903. Accessed July 8, 2020. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19030706.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1
[5] Kelley Coures.
[6] “Seven Killed in Evansville Riot: Mob, Bent upon Lynching of a Negro Murderer, is Met with Storm of Bullets and Retires,” Minneapolis Journal, July 7, 1903. July 8, 2020. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045366/1903-07-07/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=07%2F06%2F1903&index=8&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=EVANSVILLE+RIOT&proxdistance=5&date2=07%2F31%2F1903&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=Evansville+Riot&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1
[7] “The City’s Crown of Shame: Evansville Awakens to the Awful Consequences of Her Seedtime of Folly.”
[8] “Seven Killed in Evansville Riot: Mob, Bent upon Lynching of a Negro Murderer, is Met with Storm of Bullets and Retires.
[9] “They City’s Crown of Shame: Evansville Awakens to the Awful Consequences of Her Seedtime of Folly.”
[10] “Seven Killed in Evansville Riot: Mob, Bent upon Lynching of a Negro Murderer, is Met with Storm of Bullets and Retires.”
[11] “Sheriff’s Residence and Jail,” Indiana Historical Bureau, accessed July 8, 2020. https://www.in.gov/history/state-historical-markers/find-a-marker/sheriffs-residence-and-jail/
[12] “National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Former Vanderburgh County Sheriff’s Residence,” United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, July 1969. Accessed July 8, 2020. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/c8581b91-c054-410a-816c-dea440b35a23/
Student Authors: Mary Swartz, Joel Sharp, and Emma Cieslik
Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson
Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
PHOTO & VIDEO:
Former Vanderburgh County Sheriff's Residence, attributed to Nyttend, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Vanderburgh_County_Sheriff%27s_Residence.jpg
<a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2FNRIS%2F70000009&data=04%7C01%7Ctlhayes2%40bsu.edu%7Cf50cb3f79e4f468ffca508d8c874d982%7C6fff909f07dc40da9e30fd7549c0f494%7C0%7C0%7C637479751594079524%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=3H%2BK6TmUy0QQ4T6Gtqd%2BjVm%2FsEI8MF9pH%2F5rhu1LZ60%3D&reserved=0">National Register of Historic Places</a><br /><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fhistory%2Fstate-historical-markers%2Ffind-a-marker%2Fsheriffs-residence-and-jail%2F&data=04%7C01%7Ctlhayes2%40bsu.edu%7Cf50cb3f79e4f468ffca508d8c874d982%7C6fff909f07dc40da9e30fd7549c0f494%7C0%7C0%7C637479751594089515%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=iULSiUDdd162xPZ4iVeg7EQANsb37%2FDUtH4SbB0RnpI%3D&reserved=0">Indiana Historical Bureau: Historical Marker</a>
Lincoln High School, Evansville
<p>Lincoln High School in Evansville was built as an exclusively African American high school in Evansville, Indiana.[1][2] When classes were first held in 1928, the Lincoln hosted grades K-12, with an enrollment of 300. Students were bussed in from surrounding Vanderburg, Posey, and Warrick counties to attend Lincoln, including the communities of Mt. Vernon, Rockport, Newburgh, and Grandview.[3]</p>
<p>The school included 22 classrooms, a gym, auditorium, sewing room, and other vocational training areas. However, the school did not contain a cafeteria. Compared to white schools at the time, Lincoln received less funding and students had decreased educational opportunities. Despite having a library, the school did not receive enough funding to purchase books. Lincoln’s first librarian, Mrs. Alberta K. McFarland Stevenson stocked the library shelves by collecting used books and monetary donations door-to-door from local residents.[4]</p>
<p>This was not the only inequality experienced by Lincoln students. Discrimination was rampant in Indiana high school sports in the 1930s and early 1940s, directly affecting the successful athletes at Lincoln. African American high school teams in Indiana were not allowed to compete in contact sports with white schools until 1943 when the Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA) was ordered by the Indiana legislature to open membership to all schools. This order was only six years before state law declared segregation of Indiana schools illegal.</p>
<p>Because Lincoln High School students were excluded from competing with white teams in Indiana, athletes traveled to Gary and Indianapolis to play teams from African American schools (Roosevelt and Crispus Attucks). They also traveled out of state to Dayton, Louisville, Missouri, Nashville, and St. Louis for athletic competitions. George Flowers, who was a member of the school’s track team, recalled “That’s the one time segregation was kind of a fun thing, because it allowed our young men to go to bigger cities.”[5]</p>
<p>Despite the lack of school funding, the teachers were held in high esteem for providing quality education and turning students into respectful young people. Dawn Whitticker, whose mother was a teacher at Lincoln, recounts “The teachers were excellent. They were really strong disciplinarians,” she said. “Even if you were a student who wasn’t as up to speed, they made sure you learned. We were all forced to stay together, even during our entertainment. My teacher would probably see my mother in the grocery store and the beauty shop.” This strong sense of community and the bond between African American residents and teachers created an atmosphere where students wanted to do well and created a Lincoln legacy that continues to this day.[6]</p>
<p>In 1949, Indiana state law opened the doors to all schools for African Americans. However, in many areas of the state there was no mechanism to promote integration while there many policies enacted to continue de facto segregation. Very few Lincoln students integrated to the previously all-white schools.[7] In 1962, the final solely African American class graduated from Lincoln High School, and the school was then converted into a K-8 facility as part of the school corporation’s integration plan.[8] The original Lincoln School building still stands and as of 2020, serves K-8 students.[9] The Lincoln Clark Douglass Alumni Association keeps the legacy of Lincoln High School alive, and as part of their mission they resolve to “encourage high culture, intellectual and moral standards among its members” and “to inspire such traits of character among the African American community members…. and throughout the community at large.”[10]</p>
[1] Nathan Blackford. Gone But Not Forgotten. Evansville Living, 2014. Accessed May 4, 2020. http://www.evansvilleliving.com/articles/gone-but-not-forgotten
[2] Charles E. Loflin & Virginia P. Vornehm-Loflin. Center on the History of the Indianapolis Public Schools. Gary Roosevelt, Indianapolis Attucks, and Evansville Lincoln, 2018. Accessed May 8, 2020.http://vorcreatex.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/1927-1928-Indianas-1920s-Jim-Crow-high-schools-Gary-Roosevelt-Indianapolis-Attucks-and-Evansville-Lincoln-What-do-they-have-in-common.pdf
[3] Lincoln School. About Us: History. Lincoln Lions, n.d. Accessed May 8, 2020. https://lincoln.evscschools.com/about_us/history
[4] Charles E. Loflin & Virginia P. Vornehm-Loflin.
[5] Chad Lindskog. 57 years after closure, Evansville's Lincoln High School's rich sports history remains. Courier & Press, 2019. Accessed May 8, 2020. https://www.courierpress.com/story/sports/high-school/2019/02/21/evansvilles-lincoln-high-schools-rich-sports-history-remains/2803388002/
[6] Chad Lindskog.
[7] Chad Lindskog.
[8] Evansville Museum. AN OVERVIEW OF THE 1960S IN EVANSVILLE. Evansville Museum, n.d.. https://emuseum.org/blog/an-overview-of-the-1960s-in-evansville
[9] Lincoln School. About Us: History.
[10] Lincoln Clark Douglass Alumni Association, Mission Statement, n.d. https://www.lincolnclarkdouglassaa.org/mission-statement
Student Author: Mary Swartz
Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson
Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
PHOTO & VIDEO:
Lincoln High School, attributed to Harley Sheets Collection, Public domain, via Indiana Album
https://indianaalbum.pastperfectonline.com/photo/F194F4A9-4DED-4651-A624-768304442100
Lincoln Gardens
In Evansville, Indiana, the early 20th century proved to be a time of hardship for its African American residents. In the early 1900s, due to the increase of racial segregation within the city, the majority of the African American population resided in an area known as Baptistown. By 1916, overcrowding and unsanitary conditions became an issue, to the point where over a third of Baptistown residents had no access to sewage systems.[1] Segregated Evansville had few good-paying jobs for African Americans and white neighborhoods did not welcome those African Americans that could afford better homes. To accommodate for the growing population of African American residents in Baptistown, dilapidated buildings were torn down and streets were extended and repaved.[2] None of the city’s actions proved enough to improve what was described by the African American newspaper The Evansville Argus as “slum” and “an area dominated by filthy shacks without sanitary facilities.” [3] <br /><br />Under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Public Works Administration (created in 1933 during the Depression as part of the New Deal) made Evansville’s Lincoln Gardens its second housing project. As with most Public Works Administration housing projects, Lincoln Gardens was built for a specific community, and in Evansville, it was for low-income African American residents. Because of segregation and other racist policies at the time, African Americans needed their own community with their own businesses in order to succeed and prosper. Many groups in the city were in favor of the project, but there were some concerns. It was debated whether new low-income housing located on vacant land on the edge of the city was more cost effective and efficient that building in the central city. It was finally decided that the central city option was the best fit with the planning engineer’s description that “the federal government is interested in slum clearance in connection with low-cost housing.”[4] <br /><br />Construction of the Lincoln Gardens complex began in June 1937 and was dedicated by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who visited the building site in November 1937.[5] Four city blocks, nearly eleven acres, of Baptistown “slum” housing was razed and residents temporarily relocated. In its place, 16 apartment buildings were constructed. Lincoln Gardens opened on July 1, 1938.[6] The Evansville Argus, proclaimed Lincoln Gardens as the “Pride of City”, “rising as a monument to the relentless spirit and efforts of the public spirited citizens of Evansville.” Lincoln Gardens reported 100% occupancy rate as of November 23, 1938.[7] <br /><br />Lincoln Gardens included 191 “modern sanitary” homes for 500 African American residents. It included a social room, and four rooms used for recreation, youth classes, and adult education. The housing project included “beautiful wide lawns, shrubbery, plenty of fresh air and ample supervised play.” Residents were considered low income with a family income that did not exceed five times the rental charge.[8] Initial average monthly rents including electricity and gas ranged from $12.65 to $20.20 depending on room size and location within the apartment buildings.[9] Renters were chosen by need, character, and priority of application.[10] Lincoln High School, Evansville’s only African American high school and constructed in 1928, was directly across the street from Lincoln Gardens. During WWII, Lincoln Gardens had its own United Service Organization (USO), welcoming African American troops.[11] In the 1930s and 1940s, Lincoln Gardens became a center of African American social life within the bigger neighborhood, revitalizing Baptistown, which became a de-facto African American social hub within segregated southwestern Indiana. <br /><br />By the 1990s, Lincoln Gardens had fallen into disrepair and eventually all buildings except one were demolished. Sondra Matthews, who grew up in Lincoln Gardens felt that it was important to save this legacy. “The basis of our economic life was going to be torn down as well. I just thought that if this happens, our grandchildren will not know what we had, the life we lived in the Lincoln Gardens area. They would not know how successful and prosperous we were.”[12] Lincoln Gardens’ surviving building was deeded to the board of the Evansville African American Museum. The museum opened in 2007, dedicated to retelling the story of African American culture in Evansville. One of the featured exhibits includes a restored one-bedroom Lincoln Gardens apartment, which typically housed a family of six.
[1] Tamera L. Hunt and Donavan Weight. Rediscovering “Baptistown”: A Historical Geography Project on Local African American History. University of Southern Indiana and Texas A&M International University. P.389.<br />[2] Ibid. <br />[3] “New Lincoln Gardens, Pride of City, Now 100 Percent Occupied,” The Evansville Argus, 3 December 1938, 1,<https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=EA19381203. Accessed February 2020. <br />[4] Robert G. Barrows. New Deal Public Housing in the Ohio Valley: The Creation of Lincoln Gardens in Evansville, Indiana. Ohio River Valley, P. 56<br />[5] Ibid., P.72<br />[6] "Lincoln Gardens Housing Project-Evansville IN." Living New Deal. Accessed April 2019.<br />[7] “New Lincoln Gardens, Pride of City, Now 100 Percent Occupied,” The Evansville Argus, 3 December 1938, 1. Accessed February 2020.<br />[8] Ibid. <br />[9] Robert G. Barrows. New Deal Public Housing in the Ohio Valley: The Creation of Lincoln Gardens in Evansville, Indiana. Ohio River Valley, P. 66.<br />[10] “New Lincoln Gardens, Pride of City, Now 100 Percent Occupied,” The Evansville Argus, 3 December 1938, 1. Accessed February 2020.<br />[11] “Moment of Indiana History: Evansville African American Museum.” Accessed April 2019.<br />[12] "Preserving History." Preserving History | Evansville Living Magazine. Accessed April 22, 2019.
Student Authors: Emma Brauer and Robin Johnson
Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson
Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
PHOTO & VIDEO:
Courtesy Indiana Landmarks https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianalandmarks.org%2F2020%2F10%2Fevansville-marker-is-countys-first-to-recognize-african-american-history%2F&data=04%7C01%7Clsajewski%40bsu.edu%7C5033ca60161d4b3199cd08d9ec0369c1%7C6fff909f07dc40da9e30fd7549c0f494%7C0%7C0%7C637800323632758953%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=Hdlz7PlV2DpAdE9Z%2FE9XNK%2BaDX76ZIS%2Byy5jHK09ABs%3D&reserved=0
<a href="https://evvafricanamericanmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Evansville African American Museum</a>